This idea came to me out of the blue. I was scrolling through Y Combinator's Hacker News board in search of inspiration. I noticed that some posts (very insightful ones, I thought) ended up at the bottom of the list, other posts were popular but had no comments and some triggered lots of comments but were ranked very low. I can imagine that being popular on Hacker News means a lot to a contributor: s/he gets a ton of views, the post generates heated discussion and may encourage other people to share the content with others or reference it in their work. I knew this was my topic. I decided to find out how to become popular on Hacker News. Lets see if I managed to crack this one up :)
Dataset
I think everyone would agree that the best way to analyze posts on Hacker News is to transform the website into a database since information captured there is pretty well structured. Just like with my Law School Admission blog post I used KimonoLabs for scraping data from Hacker News.
My original dataset contained 1,163 posts submitted by 900 users from 680 sources between July 2010 and March 2015.
Each row captured the following information:
Data standardization
Generally every dataset downloaded (or scraped) from the web needs a certain amount of cleaning and transformation. In my previous post (about Law School Admissions) I was mainly focusing on data transformations, whereas today my data doesn't need as much massaging. Instead, I have to do a fair amount of standardization to make the data uniform and "analyzable".
And here goes...
My Lesson #3
Before diving into data analysis one needs to make sure that the data s/he is dealing with is in its cleanest state. That is, all fields are standardized so that big round green apples are compared to fruits of the same breed, size, color and shape.
With this dataset I had to standardize the following fields:
I know transformations like these sound trivial, but I have come across many situations where analysts transform text fields into numerical ones but then forget to standardize them to match the same measurement unit. This is especially common in standardizing healthcare data where patients' test results displayed in mg/dL or g/L get analyzed together without any standardization. This is a silly mistake that leads to pretty bad misinterpretations of the data.
Dataset Prep for Text Mining
For this blog post I actually prepared 2 datasets. The original dataset looks very similar to the one displayed above (after standardization & cleanup) and the other dataset is prepared specifically for text mining.
My goal was to decompose News Topic field into a selection of key words each topic name consisted of. I used R tm package for it. Here are the steps I had to take to parse News Topic field.
This matrix lists every word parsed out of News Topic field along with Post ID which I can later on link back to my original dataset (R preserved the order of records, so that row 21 in this dataset corresponds to 21st row in my original table).
I then obtained basic counts on these words and identified top 30 most frequently used ones. I also excluded frequent words that don't carry any critical information (e.g. "the", "and", "with", etc). I ended up with 53 most common words used in Hacker News posts. Because every post in my new dataset had to have at least one of these 53 words my overall sample size went down from 1,163 to 594 posts (2x down). This is not a bad sample size reduction given I went from a list of 3,031 words to 53 words (57x down).
Descriptive Stats
As I stated in the beginning, the goal of my blog post today was to understand how to become popular on Hacker News.
Here is the visualization I put together. It is interactive, so feel free to play with it.
Top charts show Top 10 Sources (on the left) and Top 15 Users (on the right) who posted on Hacker News based on the # posts they submitted. Color coding represents average # points each source or user got per post.
Bottom left scatter plots show all posts submitted based on the # Points and # Comments as well as the # Points and Post Recency (# minutes elapsed after post submission). By clicking on any bar on the top you will be able to filter posts on the bottom chart from a selected source or a user.
Finally, bottom right table outlines top 10 key words used in Hacker News Topics based on average # of points and comments a post using this word received.
Click on chart bars on the original article to drill into the data and watch the scatterplot change accordingly
For text mining descriptive statistics I put together a nice visualization in Wordle that sizes words used in Hacker News posts based on frequency.
Findings
GitHub is rocking the stage and not just by building a community of talented developers who share their work with others, but also by telling the world about awesome things github does. No wonder, github submitted the biggest number of posts (N posts = 40) and also ranked 1st in average # points per post (Avg N points = 112). Medium.com and techcrunch.com were next on the list. It is quite interesting that while top posting sources were tech-oriented (maybe except for Medium), we still observed large presense of media platforms like Bloomberg, Washington Post, NY Times and BBC.
When it comes to posting sources, there seems to be a pretty strong correlation between # posts and average # points each post from that source receives. However, this is not always true for users. People who post the most are not always the ones getting the most attention. For example, top user luu submitted 64 posts but on average received only 21 point per post (which is still pretty good by the way), whereas robin_ reala only had 10 posts but got an average 181 points per post. Out of curiousity I looked at all posts by robin_ reala (by clicking on robin_ reala bar on the top right chart which filtered scatterplot by this author's posts) and realized that most points came from the post named after Sir Terry Pratchett (now I absolutely have to read it!).
Speaking of Topic News, I would like to move to Wordle viz for a minute. It seems that Hacker News contributors like to use actionable words to name their posts. Verbs like "show", "ask", "use", "get" make it to the post names most frequently. Users also mention techy words like "google", "startup", "bitcoin", "app", "develop", "code", "javascript", "data" and "web". From the bottom right table I also found that posts that talked about development, code, google, javascript, open (source?) and tech won hearts of readers and, hence, obtained most points and comments. Well, this is Hacker News in the end...
From the scatter plots on the bottom it looks like there is a positive correlation between # points a post obtains and # comments it receives. Post ranking, however, doesn't seem to impact either point or comment volumes. I also observed some correlation between recency of the post and # points it obtained. This is intuitive because I would expect older posts to receive more points (just by the nature of being on the website longer). But there seems to be a chunk of posts that don't get many points no matter how long they hang on the news board. On the other hand, some posts that gain popularity are in fact not that old.
Statistical Analysis
Based on my descriptive analysis I generated the following hypotheses:
Since there seems to be a linear relationship between post's popularity (# Points) and other factors, I chose linear regression model to address my hypotheses. So my model looked as follows:
Popularity(i) = β0 + β1* NComments(i) + β2* TechWord(i) + β3* PostRecency(i) + β4* RankingGroup(i) + εi
where
Popularity - # Points a post received
N_Comments - # Comments a post received
Tech_Word - whether a post contained techy words or not (based on the viz above)
Post_Recency - # Minutes elapsed since post submission
Ranking_Group - A group of posts based on their ranking on the news board (e.g. Top 100, 100-249, 250-499, etc.)
I used R lm function to perform the analysis and assess each factor's impact on the post's popularity. Here is the output of linear regression analysis.
No wonder, comments add to post's popularity. With each additional comment the post on average receives 1.25 more points (p<0.01). When contributors use tech words in their News Topic names their post gains 14.68 more points (p<0.01). Here is the list of tech words that will help your post gain popularity: google, web, program, javascript, source, code, api, develop, startup, app, apple, design, video, tool, tech, system, data, docker, bitcoin.
Recency of post submission also seems to contribute to the # points it receives, however, the magnitude is low. On average, every minute your post "ages" it gains a fraction of a point. Put it differently, with every additional week your post sits on the website it gains 0.00032*60 (hour) *12 (day) * 7(week) = 1.6 points (p<0.01). This finding is somewhat contradictory to the next one telling us that Top 100 posts are likely to gain 21.41 points more than bottom ranked posts (p=0.05). But how will your post be in the top 100 if it has been sitting on the website for a week? I think the post ranking effect in this case outweighs the effect of post recency.
For curious souls the R^2 of my model was 0.42 which is not that bad given I knew almost nothing about posts themselves (except, of course, for key words in the post name).
Conclusion
Based on all findings I gained from this analysis, here is my recipe to how to become popular on Hacker News:
Your Turn
I feel like I have done enough talking for today. What do you think about this analysis? See if you can poke holes, I promise I will not be offended :)
Comment
Did you look at the term frequency at the other end of the scale? My concern is that words like app, javascript,product, problem etc are simply common words in headings for any article, popular or not, on technical sites like HN.
Posted 1 March 2021
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