Many data set resources have been published on DSC, both big and little data. Some associated with our data science apprenticeship. A list can be found here. Below is a repository published on Github, originally posted here. 

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Agriculture

• U.S. Department of Agriculture's PLANTS Database

Biology

• 1000 Genomes
• Collaborative Research in Computational Neuroscience (CRCNS)
• Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)
• Human Microbiome Project (HMP)
• ICOS PSP Benchmark
• MIT Cancer Genomics Data
• NIH Microarray data (FTP)
• Protein Data Bank
• PubChem Project
• PubGene (now Coremine Medical)
• Stanford Microarray Data
• The Personal Genome Project or PGP
• UCSC Public Data
• UniGene

Climate/Weather

• Australian Weather
• Canadian Meteorological Centre
• Climate Data from UEA (updated monthly)
• Global Climate Data Since 1929
• NASA Global Imagery Browse Services
• NOAA Bering Sea Climate
• NOAA Climate Datasets
• NOAA Realtime Weather Models
• WU Historical Weather Worldwide

Complex Networks

• CrossRef DOI URLs
• DBLP Citation dataset
• NBER Patent Citations
• NIST complex networks data collection
• Small Network Data
• UCI Network Data Repository
• Protein-protein interaction network
• PyPI and Maven Dependency Network
• Scopus Citation Database
• Stanford GraphBase (Steven Skiena)
• Stanford Large Network Dataset Collection
• The Koblenz Network Collection
• The Laboratory for Web Algorithmics (UNIMI)
• The Nexus Network Repository
• UCI Network Data Repository
• UFL sparse matrix collection
• WSU Graph Database

Computer Networks

• 3.5B Web Pages from CommonCraw 2012
• 53.5B Web clicks of 100K users in Indiana Univ.
• CAIDA Internet Datasets
• ClueWeb09 - 1B web pages
• ClueWeb12 - 733M web pages
• CommonCrawl Web Data over 7 years
• CRAWDAD Wireless datasets from Dartmouth Univ.
• Criteo click-through data
• Open Mobile Data by MobiPerf
• UCSD Network Telescope, IPv4 /8 net

Data Challenges

• Challenges in Machine Learning
• D4D Challenge of Orange
• DrivenData Competitions for Social Good
• ICWSM Data Challenge (since 2009)
• Kaggle Competition Data
• KDD Cup by Tencent 2012
• Localytics Data Visualization Challenge
• Netflix Prize
• Space Apps Challenge
• Telecom Italia Big Data Challenge
• Yelp Dataset Challenge

Economics

• American Economic Ass (AEA)
• EconData from UMD
• Internet Product Code Database

Energy

• AMPds
• BLUEd
• COMBED
• Dataport
• ECO
• EIA
• HFED
• iAWE
• Plaid
• REDD
• UK-Dale

Finance

• CBOE Futures Exchange
• Google Finance
• Google Trends
• NASDAQ
• OANDA
• OSU Financial data
• Quandl
• St Louis Federal
• Yahoo Finance

GeoSpace/GIS

• BODC - marine data of ~22K vars
• Cambridge, MA, US, GIS data on GitHub
• EOSDIS - NASA's earth observing system data
• Factual Global Location Data
• Geo Spatial Data from ASU
• GeoNames Worldwide
• Global Administrative Areas Database (GADM)
• Landsat 8 on AWS
• Natural Earth - vectors and rasters of the world
• Open Street Map (OSM)
• TIGER/Line - U.S. boundaries and roads
• TwoFishes - Foursquare's coarse geocoder
• TZ Timezones shapfiles
• World countries in multiple formats
• OpenAddresses

Government

• Australia (abs.gov.au)
• Australia (data.gov.au)
• Brazil
• Cambridge, MA, US
• Canada
• Chicago
• Dallas Open Data
• Denver Open Data
• EuroStat
• FedStats
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Glasgow, Scotland, UK
• Guardian world governments
• Indian Government Data
• London Datastore, UK
• MassGIS, Massachusetts, U.S.
• Netherlands
• New Zealand
• NYC betanyc
• NYC Open Data
• OECD
• Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India
• San Francisco Data sets
• Seattle
• South Africa
• The World Bank
• U.K. Government Data
• U.S. American Community Survey
• U.S. CDC Public Health datasets
• U.S. Census Bureau
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
• U.S. Federal Government Agencies
• U.S. Federal Government Data Catalog
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• U.S. Open Government
• UK 2011 Census Open Atlas Project
• United Nations

Healthcare

• EHDP Large Health Data Sets
• Gapminder World, demographic databases
• Medicare Coverage Database (MCD), U.S.
• Medicare Data Engine of medicare.gov Data
• Medicare Data File
• Number of Ebola Cases and Deaths in Affected Countries (2014)

Image Processing

• 10k US Adult Faces Database
• 2GB of Photos of Cats
• Affective Image Classification
• Face Recognition Benchmark
• ImageNet (in WordNet hierarchy)
• International Affective Picture System, UFL
• Massive Visual Memory Stimuli, MIT
• SUN database, MIT

Machine Learning

• Delve Datasets for classification and regression (Univ. of Toronto)
• Discogs Monthly Data
• eBay Online Auctions (2012)
• IMDb Database
• Keel Repository for classification, regression and time series
• Lending Club Loan Data
• Machine Learning Data Set Repository
• Million Song Dataset
• More Song Datasets
• MovieLens Data Sets
• RDataMining - "R and Data Mining" ebook data
• Registered Meteorites on Earth
• Restaurants Health Score Data in San Francisco
• UCI Machine Learning Repository
• Yahoo! Ratings and Classification Data

Museums

• Cooper-Hewitt's Collection Database
• Minneapolis Institute of Arts metadata
• Tate Collection metadata
• The Getty vocabularies

Natural Language

• Blogger Corpus
• ClueWeb09 FACC
• ClueWeb12 FACC
• DBpedia - 4.58M things with 583M facts
• Flickr Personal Taxonomies
• Google Books Ngrams (2.2TB)
• Google Web 5gram (1TB, 2006)
• Gutenberg eBooks List
• Hansards text chunks of Canadian Parliament
• Machine Translation of European languages
• SMS Spam Collection in English
• USENET postings corpus of 2005~2011
• Wikidata - Wikipedia databases
• Wikipedia Links data - 40 Million Entities in Context
• WordNet databases and tools

Physics

• CERN Open Data Portal
• NSSDC (NASA) data of 550 space spacecraft

Public Domains

• Amazon
• Archive.org Datasets
• CMU JASA data archive
• CMU StatLab collections
• Data360
• Datamob.org
• Google
• Infochimps
• KDNuggets Data Collections
• Numbray
• Reddit Datasets
• RevolutionAnalytics Collection
• Sample R data sets
• Stats4Stem R data sets
• StatSci.org
• The Washington Post List
• UCLA SOCR data collection
• UFO Reports
• Wikileaks 911 pager intercepts
• Yahoo Webscope

Search Engines

• Academic Torrents of data sharing from UMB
• Archive-it from Internet Archive
• Datahub.io
• DataMarket (Qlik)
• Freebase.com of people, places, and things
• Harvard Dataverse Network of scientific data
• ICPSR (UMICH)
• Open Data Certificates (beta)
• Statista.com - statistics and Studies

Social Sciences

• Ancestry.com Forum Dataset over 10 years
• CMU Enron Email of 150 users
• Facebook Data Scrape (2005)
• Facebook Social Networks from LAW (since 2007)
• Foursquare Social Network in 2010, 2011
• Foursquare from UMN/Sarwat (2013)
• General Social Survey (GSS) since 1972
• GetGlue - users rating TV shows
• GitHub Collaboration Archive
• MIT Reality Mining Dataset
• Mobile Social Networks from UMASS
• PewResearch Internet Survey Project
• SourceForge.net Research Data
• StackExchange Data Explorer
• Titanic Survival Data Set
• Twitter Graph of entire Twitter site
• UCB's Archive of Social Science Data (D-Lab)
• UCLA Social Sciences Data Archive
• UNIMI/LAW Social Network Datasets
• Universities Worldwide
• UPJOHN for Labor Employment Research
• Yahoo! Graph and Social Data
• Youtube Video Social Graph in 2007,2008
• Google Scholar citation relations
• Political Polarity Data

Sports

• Betfair Historical Exchange Data
• Cricsheet Matches (baseball)
• Ergast Formula 1, from 1950 up to date (API)
• Football/Soccer resouces (data and APIs)
• Lahman's Baseball Database
• Retrosheet Baseball Statistics

Time Series

• Time Series Data Library (TSDL) from MU
• UC Riverside Time Series Dataset
• Hard Drive Failure Rates

Transportation

• Airlines OD Data 1987-2008
• Bike Share Systems (BSS) collection
• Bay Area Bike Share Data
• GeoLife GPS Trajectory from Microsoft Research
• Hubway Million Rides in MA
• Marine Traffic - ship tracks, port calls and more
• NYC Taxi Trip Data 2013 (FOIA/FOILed)
• OpenFlights - airport, airline and route data
• RITA Airline On-Time Performance data
• RITA/BTS transport data collection (TranStat)
• Transport for London (TFL)
• Travel Tracker Survey (TTS) for Chicago
• U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)
• U.S. Domestic Flights 1990 to 2009
• U.S. Freight Analysis Framework since 2007

Complementary Collections

• DataWrangling: Some Datasets Available on the Web
• Inside-r: Finding Data on the Internet
• Quora: Where can I find large datasets open to the public?
• RS.io: 100+ Interesting Data Sets for Statistics
• StaTrek: Leveraging open data to understand urban lives
• OpenDataMonitor: An overview of available open data resources in Europe